AntarcticPilot
Well-Known Member
Various sources, mostly correlated by the UK Hydrographic Office (part of the Navy) who the other publishers like Imray and Navionics buy the data from (though it's possible they also take updates from other sources as well).
The Royal Navy do still have an in-house surveying function, though I don't know how much of the UKHO input comes from them any more versus commercial survey contracts.
Harbour authorities sometimes commission their own surveys of their approaches, and hopefully pass the data on. Mostly commercial ports, but even Chichester Harbour does regular surveys of the Bar and entrance channel - here's their latest: http://www.conservancy.co.uk/assets...hichester_bar_survey_June_2018-OEqotiUB49.pdf
If you look at a real Admiralty chart (not their leisure publications) you will find a "source diagram" that shows where (and crucially, when) the data for each part of the chart came from. Some might be recent commercial port surveys, some might have been done with an early echo-sounder in the 1920s, and in remote places some areas might still be from a hand lead in the 19th century.
Apart from surveys, deliberate changes to buoyage and other aids to navigation should be notified by the people actually making the change - obviously it's inefficient for someone else to have to notice it.
And yes, you can send in "reports by general public" - there's a special UKHO form for doing so.
Hopefully AntarcticPilot will see this thread, since he has a lifetime's experience in this area and I'm sure can correct and expand on my rough idea above
Pete
Pete has it pretty much spot on. Of course, ship's navigators send in reports, but most of the changes are from ongoing hydrographic survey. Of course, in some areas, such as the Thames Estuary, a change might be spotted by a ship or yacht, then reported to the HO or Conservancy or whatever who commission a re-survey. Local surveys are also carried out; several places on the East Coast have local surveys carried out on a regular basis because the bottom changes quickly. See the East Coast Pilot website for details!
Source diagrams are a very useful resource when it comes to assessing the quality and currency of a chart. Sadly, they aren't given on the Leisure editions!
Things like wind farms and offshore drilling or cable laying also generate new surveys. I once applied for a job with the Crown Estates managing their sea-bed interests offshore, and it was interesting to see how much of the sea-bed around the UK is of commercial interest to one group or another. That's the real impetus for improved charting in a developed part of the world. Round Antarctica, I was involved in proofing Admiralty charts; that was interesting, especially as the coastline data were often provided by us in the first place! We did a lot of collaborative aerial survey for the HO. However, bathymetric data round the Antarctic is of the "here be dragons" kind - and there are plenty of rocks named after the ship that hit them or my favourite, "Fullastern Rock"!