An anode won't make any difference. It could well be crevice corrosion from water trapped between the bottom of the rudder and the shoe when the boat is at rest. Probably nothing to worry about.Looks more like you're short of an anode (or a coat of paint on the exposed part) to me - but as above, vyv is your man![]()
Pitting in 300 series stainless steel can occur for a variety of reasons but in your case it seems that minor crevice corrosion could be responsible. This can take place with the tiniest of crevices, an example being the small laps that are formed when rigging wire is pulled through dies to reduce its diameter and strengthen it. The result can be rust stains if the laps face upwards. May be unsightly but rarely dangerous. In your case small scratches or imperfections can be enough to lead to pits.
I doubt very much that your rudder stock has been weakened to any significant extent or is at risk of future failure. In a rotating shaft under some load pits can be stress raisers that may initiate fatigue but I cannot imagine this in a rudder stock.