We used Aqua-stick Made by Sylmasta, underwater epoxy. It says 15min work time, initial cure 29-30 mins.If the through hull nut is white/pale plastic it is probably nylon or fiber reinforced nylon.
There are underwater epoxies that are very good, but the OP does not seem to be using one of those. Pettit Splash Zone is one of the best known. But they are different from other epoxies, more like thickened epoxies, and have their own learning curve. They can be very effective at stopping active leaks, often permanently. Pettit Splash Zone
I also like JB Weld Underwater Weld. Stiffer.
The trick with both is to mix with wet hands (so they do not stick) and then keep kneeding/pressing them to the surface for 5 minutes (this pushes the water out) or so until they stick. It's weird, it dos not seem like it should work, but it does and is well proven. They really do harden and bond well underwater. JB is stiffer and cures faster (good for leaks) and Splash Zone is stronger and more durable (repairs, such as hitting a rock).
Underwater Epoxy Tests