There are basically 2 types of water jet propulation systems.
Low pressure high volune or high pressure low volume.
The Vetus bow thruster and Hamilton type are low pressure high volume and the operation is as described in the boatdesign.net article.
The high pressure low volume works better with a resistance to push against.
To show this take the hose from a high pressure washers and spray in the air then spray against a solid wall and note the difference in the force that is needed to hold the nozzle in place. You will find spraying against a solid wall requires a much higher force.
This is the difference between the vetus and the new type discussed